Partitions and Surroundings

Authors

  • Marek Biernacki Wroclaw University of Economics and Business
  • Antoni Smoluk Wroclaw University of Economics and Business

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15611/eada.2026.1.03

Keywords:

partition, Chinese partitions, discrimination, preference, permutation, cycle, time

Abstract

Aim: This paper gives a strict definition of a partition, and a recursive formula for the number of partitions is provided. The infinite matrix of conditional partitions plays an essential role in the proof.

Methodology: Special attention is paid to the connection of partitions with discriminations. The preferences and the partitions determined by them lead to a conjecture generalising the 2/3 rule of Łyka.

Results: Toffler waves are extended to decreasing geometric sequences of circular arcs. Time is round and can be measured by an angle. Eternity is identical to the current moment.

Originality/value: This is an attempt to provide a mathematical explanation for Toffler waves.

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References

Graham, R. L., Knuth, D. E., & Patashnik, O. (1994). Concrete mathematics: A foundation for computer science (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional.

Graham, R. L., Knuth, D. E., & Patashnik, O. (2012). Matematyka konkretna. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Łyko, J. (2000). Arrow’s theorem and ordinations. In: A. Smoluk (Ed.), Elements of economic metrology (pp. 165-168). Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej we Wrocławiu.

Łyko, J., & Smoluk, A. (2014). On maximal social preference. Mathematical Economics, 10(17), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.15611/me.2014.10.03

Maciuk, A., & Smoluk, A. (2018). A golden ratio as a generalization of the 2/3 rule of Janusz Łyko. Mathematical Economics, 14(21), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.15611/me.2018.14.03

Ross, K. A., & Wright, C. R. B. (1992). Discrete mathematics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.

Ross, K. A., & Wright, C. R. B. (2000). Matematyka dyskretna. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.

Toffler, A. (1980). The third wave. Morrow.

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Published

2026-04-01
Received 2025-03-12
Accepted 2026-02-24
Published 2026-04-01