Biblioteka Regionalisty is a yearbook published both in paper and electronic version presenting scientific articles in open access on the Lower Silesian Digital Library platform. All publications are prepared in accordance with the applicable publication ethics standards and assessed using double-blind review process method. A prerequisite for their publication is obtaining two positive reviews. The journal is included in the list of scientific journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education with 20 points. Biblioteka Regionalisty has been published continuously since 2005. ISSN 2081-4461 e-ISSN 2449-9781
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dynamics of the residential real estate market during the implementation of the Safe Credit 2% programme – a case study of selected cities in Poland
Aim: The paper aimed to present the situation in the housing market of the seven largest cities in Poland (Warsaw, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, Gdynia and Łódź) in the period of implementation of the Safe Credit 2% programme, with a particular emphasis on its impact on the dynamics of residential property prices. Methodology: The research employed a qualitative and quantitative approach based on reviewing the available literature on the subject and analysing statistical data. The data sources included, among others, reports from the Local Data Bank, the National Bank of Poland and AMRON-SARFiN. The authors applied a comparative approach, including a longitudinal (2010-2023) and a quarterly snapshot (Q1 to Q4 2023 compared to Q1 to Q4 q 2022) when considering the impact of the Safe Credit 2% programme. Results: The analysis showed that Safe Credit 2% had a significant impact on increasing housing affordability, however its short duration did not allow it to effectively stimulate the housing supply, resulting in a sharp increase in house prices. As a result, despite improving the housing situation for some groups in society, the overall availability of housing for those who did not meet the programme’s criteria deteriorated, such as middle-income households. Note that the increase in housing prices continued even after the programme ended, thus exacerbating the barriers in access to housing for average households. Implications and recommendations: The results indicated that an effective housing policy should simultaneously stimulate demand and supply. Due to the long-term construction process, short-term programmes such as Safe Credit 2% were insufficient to stimulate the housing supply effectively. It is recommended that long-term mechanisms and price stabilisation instruments are implemented to avoid sudden changes in the market. It is also important to conduct further research evaluating the effectiveness of the housing policies introduced. Originality/value: The article makes an important empirical contribution to analysing the impact of housing policy on housing prices and housing availability on Poland’s largest real estate markets. It provides detailed information on the effects of the Safe Credit 2% programme, which can be an important source of knowledge for researchers, policymakers and investors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Adamiczka , Agata Pluta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ecological security as a new challenge in local development
Aim: The aim of the article was to highlight the importance and increasing role of security (especially ecological security) in the implementation of local development policies, as well as to identify adaptive actions taken by local actors. Methodology: The research methods applied are of a descriptive and comparative nature, explaining the significance of security (ecological security) along with examples of adaptive actions. Results: Although the category of security, including ecological security, is not new in the literature, in the context of ongoing global processes (including climate change), it seems to be one of the most significant categories influencing how local development should be shaped by local entities. Implications and recommendations: Ongoing global changes reinforce the meaning of ecological security at different self-government levels. As a consequence increase the need to seek new solutions in terms of security and resilience for local governments. Originality/value: The article provides examples of solutions that can be implemented by local governments in the field of increasing ecological security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Małgorzata Rogowska-Sawicz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Functioning of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone "INVEST-PARK" during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Aim: The aim of this article is to present the effects of the functioning of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” in the years 2019-2023, i.e., during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of the existing research gap concerning the impact of economic crises on the operations of special economic zones in Poland. Methodology: The study employs a descriptive method and quantitative analysis of data contained in annual reports published by the minister responsible for economic affairs, as part of the Information on the Implementation of the Act on Special Economic Zones. The analysis covered, among others, the number of valid permits for conducting business activity within the Wałbrzych zone, the value of completed investments, and the number of jobs created. Results: The collected data enabled an assessment of the functioning of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” during the COVID-19 pandemic. The zone demonstrated continuity of operations, supporting entrepreneurship despite adverse conditions. The achieved investment and employment indicators reflect the zone’s resilience and adaptability in the face of global economic disruptions. Implications and recommendations: The experiences of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK” may serve as a benchmark for other SEZs in Poland. It is crucial to ensure mechanisms for rapid response and to maintain investment attractiveness even under crisis conditions. Further research is recommended on the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on investment and employment structures. Originality/value: This article addresses the research gap regarding the analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of the Wałbrzych Special Economic Zone “INVEST-PARK.” The value of the work lies in its relevance, practical significance, and its analysis of one of the key instruments of regional policy in Poland
Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Hajduga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
AI in Architectural Education – Analysis of Awareness; Popularity; and Application of Artificial Intelligence Tools among Students
Aim: This article aims to analyze the awareness, popularity, and scope of artificial intelligence (AI) tools among students of architecture and spatial management. The study seeks to determine the role of AI in education and identify factors influencing its adoption in the academic environment. Methodology: The research was conducted as a pilot online survey targeting students of the Faculty of Architecture at Wrocław University of Science and Technology. A quantitative approach enriched with qualitative elements was used, allowing for the analysis of both numerical data and individual respondent opinions. Results: The results indicate that, despite a relatively low self-assessment of AI proficiency, these tools are widely recognized by students. Most respondents acquire knowledge about AI through informal sources, such as social media and self-study, while its use in academic education and the design process remains limited. Key barriers include a lack of knowledge, complex operation, and restricted access to specialized software. Implications and recommendations: The findings highlight the need to integrate AI into the curriculum and introduce dedicated courses to develop students’ digital competencies. Additionally, adapting AI tools to educational needs and promoting an interdisciplinary approach to AI learning is recommended. Originality/value: This article focuses on AI integration in architectural education from the perspective of students in architecture and spatial management. Unlike previous studies that primarily addressed technological and practical applications of AI in design, this research identifies key barriers limiting its broader adoption in academia. It also considers user comfort and concerns regarding AI’s impact on creativity and future professional competencies. The pilot study allows for a preliminary examination of these issues and suggests directions for further research on the effective integration of AI into architectural education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bartosz Adamiczka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Population changes in the vicinity of Wrocław in 1988-2021 as an expression of the formation of the urban functional area
Aim: The purpose of this article is to diagnose the process of formation of the Wroclaw urban functional area, in particular the suburban zone, which is the strict hinterland of the metropolitan centre, and to determine the extent of this zone. Methodology: The research used cartographic analysis, relying on population data for Wroclaw and the neighbouring areas from the national census conducted in 1988, 2002, 2011 and 2021. Results: The research showed that the contemporary suburban zone of Wroclaw, designated as an area covered by suburbanization processes, emerged only after 1988, with its extent not coinciding with the urban functional area designated in official strategic and planning documents. Implications and recommendations: The results of the study suggest the desirability of delimiting the Wrocław Urban Area covering Wrocław and the suburban zone strictly adjacent to the city, which requires a special approach in development policy, different from that for the other parts of the broad Wrocław Functional Area. It also seems justified to deepen the research in order to delimit the Wrocław suburban zone more precisely and to consider changes in the administrative division. Originality/value: All analyses to date aimed at delimiting the urban functional area of Wrocław (as well as other metropolitan centres in Poland) have been based on aggregate statistical data aggregated by municipality. This article presents an attempt to delimit the suburban zone on the basis of more detailed data concerning individual localities. As a result, the zone thus delimited is territorially smaller but internally more homogeneous.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jacek Potocki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Shaping Complete Housing Estates in Wrocław as an Implementation of the Idea of a Short-Distance City; Taking into Account the Principles of Universal Design and Accessibility
Aim: Climate change requires cities to act quickly and flexibly. In these realities, the concept of short-distance cities creates the basis for responding to the challenges cities face. The aim of the article is to indicate a possible path to implementing the idea of a short-distance city in a large city that creates conditions of accessibility and in this direction takes into account the principles of universal design. Methodology: The research methodology is based on a critical review of literature and strategic and planning documents; case study; expert method. The study focused on the example of Wrocław, where a project to create complete housing estates was used. Implications and recommendations: The basic finding resulting from the study is the need to develop the city of short distances in such a way that it is publicly accessible, inclusive and multifunctional. This is how the project of complete housing estates is being implemented in Wrocław, which is intended to create perfect spaces that meet the needs of all residents. It is recommended that the principles of universal design and striving to make space accessible to those who want to use it should become the basis for design activities. Originality/value: The description of the construction of a city of short distances and its values has already been relatively well presented in the literature; the originality of the study refers to the connection of the construction of complete housing estates with this idea of the city, along with taking into account the principles of universal design and accessibility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dorota Rynio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of depopulation of municipalities in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship on green infrastructure changes
Aim: The aim is to assess and identify the challenges of depopulation in the municipalities of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship and to evaluate the possibilities of revitalizing green spaces with limited resources. The study focuses on the impact of depopulation on the quality of green infrastructure. Methodology: The study used literature analysis, statistical methods, and TOPSIS, collecting empirical data from municipalities in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in 2014 and 2022, which allowed us to capture the dynamics of the phenomena and monitor conjunctural changes. Results: The study of the impact of depopulation on green infrastructure in municipalities of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship showed positive changes in the quality of green spaces, promotion of sustainable development, revitalization of urban spaces, and creation of new green spaces in response to demographic changes. Conclusions and recommendations: It is recommended to continue investing in green infrastructure, especially in areas with lower concentrations of it and to monitor changes in green space distribution and demographics. Originality/value: The study analyzes the relationship between demographics and green infrastructure in municipalities, using a synthetic measure to compare the years 2014 and 2022, making it possible to assess their mutual impact on ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paweł Dziekański https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Human capital as a key element supporting innovationin regions
Aim: The aim of the article was to theoretically analyse the importance of human capital and innovation in the process of regional development within the framework of a knowledge-based economy. Methodology: The article employs a literature review and a descriptive method to explore the relationship between human capital and the ability of regions to introduce innovations. Results: Human capital – defined as the knowledge, skills, experience, and creativity of a region's inhabitants – plays a key role in innovation processes. Regions with well-developed human capital demonstrate greater potential for implementing innovations, which strengthens their competitiveness and fosters economic growth. Implications and recommendations: Strengthening human capital should be a priority in regional policy. Investment in education, skills development, and fostering creativity enhances a region's ability to generate and apply innovations effectively. Originality/value: The article provides added value by highlighting the fundamental role of human capital as a driver of innovation and regional competitiveness in the modern knowledge-based economy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tomasz Łuczyszyn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Socio-economic development of lower Silesiain the period 2004-2022 (2023)
Background: Since 2004, Lower Silesia has experienced substantial socio-economic transformation, marked by continuous improvements in key macroeconomic indicators over the past two decades. Multiple factors have influenced this positive trajectory, among which European Union funding has played a pivotal role. By the end of 2027 the region is expected to have absorbed over €6.5 billion through major EU programmes, significantly contributing to its development. Despite these advancements, the region faces persistent challenges. Disparities in the pace of development are evident across different areas, with some experiencing slower economic growth. Moreover, the region is increasingly affected by adverse demographic and environmental trends, including population decline, population ageing, and a growing frequency of natural disasters, particularly flooding. These issues pose significant risks to the region’s sustainable development and long-term resilience. Aim: The objective is to identify, describe and assess the most important socio-economic changes occurring in the region and its spatial structures in the analysed period. Methodology: The study uses secondary data analysis, an extensive review and critical analysis of the literature on the subject, expert opinions and simple statistical methods, and in selected fragments the phenomenological method. Results: The basic socio-economic trends occurring in the region in the analysed period were identified and described. Implications and recommendations: Socio-economic development in the region shows large and growing disproportions, therefore, within the framework of intra- and inter-regional policies, actions should be taken to eliminate unfavourable trends. Originality/value: Current research providing knowledge on socio-economic development in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stanisław Korenik, Alicja Kozak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The City in New Realities with Particular Emphasis on Safety
The multi-faceted, heterogeneous, and frequently ideological processes are involved in making the connection between spatial planning and security. The primary reason for the challenges in drawing conclusions from research is the rapid pace of economic transformation, which leads to the accumulation of unforeseen dangers. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities and the internet, or creative urban monitoring technologies that, on the one hand, aim to increase functionality in terms of security enhancement and, on the other hand, infringe on civil liberties, may serve as an example. Regardless of the debate among academics and practitioners, it is evident that maintaining a high degree of security is a key driver of socioeconomic development. In the current socio-economic environment, this is particularly significant since the burden falls on major cities, and demographic projections indicate that the magnitude and intensity of the risks may increase, at least in comparison to ongoing urbanization trends. In light of these circumstances, the role of security geography in major urban centers seems to be a fascinating topic to study, particularly in terms of quality of life and figuring out the degree to which different parts of the city are criminalized. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the criminological phenomena associated with the growth of urban centers, especially in the context of the formation of urbanization processes. The approach used to accomplish this objective, as stated, was mostly descriptive, taking into account the circumstances under which security is provided, but also incorporating aspects of public statistics. The authors highlight the urgent need for ongoing surveillance of risks that not only define crime in the traditional sense but also, and more importantly, call attention to novel occurrences that are a result of the broad openness of major urban centers. The article's cognitive value lies primarily in recognizing the changing social and economic realities that are influencing the growth of major cities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrzej Łuczyszyn, Patrycja Papież https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation Process of Zero-Emission Buses in the Public Transport System as Part of Building a Sustainable Public Transport System in Wrocław
Aim: The aim of the article is to show the show the stage of the process of building a sustainable public transport system in Wrocław based on the example of the implementation of zero-emission buses. The study was particularly focused on the lack of the use of low- and zero-emission wheeled modes of transport in public transport. Methodology: The study was particularly focused on the lack of the use of zero-emission wheeled modes of transport in the public transport system of the capital of Lower Silesia to date. The solutions used and planned for use in Wrocław were presented and analysed from the quantitative and qualitative perspective. The study used simple statistical methods, literature research, document analysis and desk research. Results: The main result of the study is that the low level of the use of commercially available low -emission transport solutions in Wrocław hinders progress in the process of building a sustainable public transport system. However, the city, in cooperation with MPK Wrocław, as the city’s transport operator, has taken steps to introduce zero-emission buses, in order to both improve the quality of services offered and comply with the requirements of the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels. Currently, MPK has implemented the buses on bus line K and plans to implement them on lines 106 and 129, as well as to proceed to test hydrogen buses. The construction of a network of hydrogen refuelling stations has also begun. These activities, if continued as before, are part of the process of building a sustainable public transport system in Wrocław. Implications and recommendations: A recommendation emerging from the research is the need to take a holistic view of the problem of implementing zero-emission wheeled transport modes. This process, with its high initial costs (purchase/leasing of buses, construction of infrastructure, training of drivers and maintenance staff), nevertheless makes it possible to leapfrog the quality of the city’s public transport system by abandoning the use of buses powered by fossil fuels, which are characterised by harmful exhaust fumes and increased noise levels resulting from the presence of a combustion engine. National and EU programmes may be helpful in obtaining subsidies or refunding part of the costs incurred. Originality/value: The research gap, which the article fills, manifests itself in the lack of studies summarising and presenting the process of the implementation of zero-emission buses in the Wrocław public transport system. This article is the first scientific summary of the implementation process of electric buses in Wrocław.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Sokołowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Metropolitan delimitation in spatial perspective: selected Asian and European case studies
Aim: The study aims to analyse and compare the various approaches to defining and delimiting metropolitan areas, with a specific focus on cases from the European Union and selected Asian countries (China and Japan). Methodology: The study applies a qualitative comparative analysis based on a comprehensive review of legal documents, statistical frameworks, and academic literature, supported by illustrative case studies from the European Union, China, and Japan. Results: The research identified key delimitation criteria, including administrative boundaries, commuting patterns, population thresholds, urban density, socio-economic interactions, urban sprawl, governance models, and levels of economic integration. It revealed that the European Union tends to apply more standardised frameworks, whereas Asian countries favour more flexible, context-specific practices. Implications and recommendations: The findings emphasise the complexity of achieving consistency in metropolitan delimitation, especially for cross-national comparisons and policy design. The study recommends adopting flexible and context-sensitive delimitation methods that reconcile governance needs with functional urban realities. Originality/value: The study contributes to the ongoing debate on metropolitan governance by highlighting how differences in delimitation approaches influence urban planning and socio-economic cohesion. It offers a nuanced perspective on the tensions between standardisation and contextual adaptation in urban policy frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alicja Kozak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Selected Factors of Socio-Economic Activity in Medium-Sized Citieswith Powiat Status in Poland in 2018-2023
Aim: The aim of the paper is to understand the changes taking place in medium-sized cities with powiat status in Poland in terms of selected variables from the area of ​​socio-economic activity against the background of population changes. Methodology: The analysis was conducted based on statistical data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and a critical review of the literature. The paper uses the methods of historical analysis and comparative analysis of statistical data. Then, a matrix approach was used to present the relationships between the variables studied. It was assumed that a medium-sized city is one in which the number of residents is greater than 20 thousand and does not exceed 100 thousand people. Results: All the studied cities faced problems related to socio-economic activity, which affected their investment and housing attractiveness. The most common problem was the decline in population, both in the longer term 2023/2018 and year to year 2023/2022. Some cities also had problems with the number of long-term unemployed and the size of investment outlays of enterprises. In the case of long-term unemployed, certain trends can be indicated, while in the case of investment outlays were more random. Implications and recommendations: Medium-sized cities are often trapped in a vicious circle of decreasing investment and residential attractiveness; negative or low natural increase is detrimental. The key factor is to stop the population decline, through the inflow of new residents or stopping the outflow of existing ones. The basic elements that should be influenced in order to increase the socio-economic activity of medium-sized cities are attractive jobs for people with various qualifications and industrial and residential investments. Originality/value: The author examined the relationships between long-term unemployment and investment activity of enterprises against the background of population changes in medium-sized cities with powiat status in Poland in the period 2018-2023. It is worth emphasizing that the adopted research period, covering years of atypical events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, high inflation, etc., also proves the originality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alicja Zakrzewska-Półtorak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design for Deconstruction (DfD) in Urban Context: Recommendations for Cities
Aim: The article aims to explore the feasibility of transferring the principles of designing buildings for deconstruction (DfD) to the urban scale and to develop practical recommendations for local authorities. Methodology: The research methodology includes a literature review, desk research, comparative analysis, analogy, and synthesis. Results: The study's findings result in recommendations supporting DfD-oriented urban planning, encompassing spatial planning, standardization of technologies and materials, data management, the promotion of DfD principles, and strategic development. Implications and recommendations: The implications of the analysis highlight the need for a systematic integration of DfD principles into urban policy and planning practice. It is recommended to develop regulatory, educational, and digital tools that facilitate the implementation of DfD at the city scale and enhance awareness and engagement among all stakeholders. Originality/value: The DfD principles, previously applied primarily in the architectural context of individual buildings, have been analyzed to adapt them to urban-scale applications, addressing the need to optimize and coordinate fragmented and independent design processes. This adaptation can facilitate the closure of material loops in specific urban areas, thereby advancing circular urbanism.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tomasz Broma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Housing Resources in Gdańsk; Łódź; and Kraków
Aim: The purpose of the article is to understand the differences and similarities in the housing conditions of Gdańsk, Łódź and Kraków against the background of historical, socio-economic and political conditions in 2013-2022, taking into account the ownership structure, development dynamics and standard of technical equipment. The study identifies differences and similarities in housing conditions across these cities and evaluates the impact of historical, socio-economic, and political factors on local real estate markets. Methodology: The analysis is based on statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS) and indicators of housing stock, ownership forms, and technical and sanitary standards. Methodological changes introduced by GUS in 2019-2020, which affected the presentation of data on housing quality, were also considered. Results: The results show that Gdańsk and Kraków exhibit dynamic growth in housing stock, while Łódź develops more slowly, with a higher share of municipal housing. Kraków and Gdańsk achieve higher technical standards compared to Łódź, despite noticeable improvements in the latter after 2019. Implications and recommendations: The study confirms significant differences in housing resources among the analyzed cities, highlighting the need to tailor housing policies to local conditions. The findings can serve as a foundation for designing more effective urban planning strategies and promoting sustainable city development. This article contributes to research on urban space management and real estate market analysis in Poland. Originality/value: The article contributes to the development of research on housing policy and urban space management in Poland. Through a comparative analysis of three major urban centers, it demonstrates how local conditions shape the diversity of housing markets, offering practical insights for urban planning and public policy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paweł Hubar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Local government and national parks – how to break the deadlock in cooperation?
Aim: The article analyses the stunted development of Poland's network of national parks, identifying key barriers to their expansion and proposing specific directions for corrective action, and highlights the unique role of national parks in environmental protection while pointing out that in Poland their share of the area is only 1.05%, which is significantly below the European Union average. Methodology: The research included an analysis of the legal and economic aspects and a literature review, to identify the main problems limiting the development of national parks. Particular attention was paid to barriers stemming from resistance by local governments, the loss of forest tax revenues, and discrepancies in salaries between employees of national parks and State Forests. Results: It was found that effective ways to overcome these challenges comprise introducing financial support mechanisms for local communities and fostering partnerships between the national parks and local governments. The findings suggest that changing the approach of the central administration and implementing a management model based on cooperation and dialogue could effectively revitalise the development process of national parks. Implications and recommendations: The proposed solutions can be applied not only in Poland but also in other countries facing similar challenges. Implementing financial support mechanisms and a partnership-based model could enhance environmental protection and foster harmonious collaboration between national parks and local communities. Originality/value: The strengths of this paper stems from its comprehensive, integrated analysis of the stagnation of national park development in Poland, which uniquely takes into account legal, economic, and socio-political factors. By reframing the creation of national parks as a process based on cooperation rather than antagonism, the article presents innovative theoretical and practical strategies that can be applied in Poland and countries facing similar challenges, balancing ecological goals with socio-economic realities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marian Kachniarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Regional disparities in knowledge-intensive sectors. A comparative study of Poland and Czechia in the context of sustainable development
The study aimed to explore regional disparities in the employment of high-technology and knowledge-intensive sectors across Polish and Czech regions from 2019 to 2023 to identify which areas are thriving in innovation and economic growth and which are lagging, highlighting regional imbalances. The research applied a quantitative approach, utilising publicly available data from Eurostat to explore trends in employment in knowledge-intensive sectors and R&D personnel. The study also incorporated visual representations to illustrate regional trends and disparities. High-technology and knowledge-intensive sectors are critical for future economic resilience. Exploring disparities can reveal how prepared different regions are for economic shifts such as the transition to Industry 4.0 and the green economy. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering a comparative, longitudinal analysis of regional disparities in knowledge-intensive sectors in Poland and Czechia. It highlights the implications of these disparities for sustainable development and regional innovation policies, offering a unique perspective on the socio-economic dynamics within Central and Eastern Europe.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Miszczak, Anna Mempel-Śnieżyk, Jaroslava Dědková https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating port and social functions in urban public space: A case study of Port Węglowy in Wrocław
Aim: The study aimed to identify the needs and preferences of Wrocław residents regarding the development of Port Węglowy, the only yacht port in the city wholly owned and managed by the Municipality. The research focused on understanding residents’ vision for the area, assessing its current image, and exploring how the port could combine recreational, social, and port functions to enhance its value as a public space. Methodology: The research used desk research of literature, legal documents, and press materials. An in-depth individual interview (IDI) was conducted with the river policy coordinator in Wrocław. An online survey (CAWI, n = 122) was also administered based on assumptions of the Project for Public Spaces organisation. The survey examined accessibility, comfort and image, functions and activities, and social value. Results: The survey revealed limited awareness of Port Węglowy among Wrocław residents, with a significant portion expressing unfamiliarity with its location and purpose. Many respondents identified issues with accessibility, particularly regarding parking and pedestrian access. The majority of respondents wished to preserve the port character of the area. Preferred amenities included a small watercraft rental and a city beach, while land-based functions like food services and relaxation spaces were the most popular. Respondents generally rated the aesthetic quality of the port as average, with concerns about cleanliness and infrastructure. Implications and recommendations: The findings underscore the potential of Port Węglowy as a multifunctional public space but highlight the need for broader public awareness and engagement. The lack of awareness about the port indicates an opportunity for the Municipality to connect residents more closely with this location, primarily through strategic marketing and community outreach. Recommendations to enhance Port Węglowy’s role as a social and recreational space connected with the port’s functions: 1. Conduct a public awareness campaign to increase knowledge and engagement around Port Węglowy. 2. Hold public consultations with diverse stakeholders, including local residents, city-wide users, and sailors, to ensure all stakeholders’ needs are addressed. 3. Improve accessibility, especially regarding parking and pedestrian routes, and enhance the overall aesthetic and functionality of the port area by introducing small-scale infrastructure. 4. Develop recreational facilities that align with residents’ preferences to increase the port’s social value and appeal. 5. Enhanced infrastructure and aesthetics. Originality/value: This study contributes to the research on integrating port functions within urban public spaces, especially for smaller yacht ports like Port Węglowy in Wrocław. By focusing on resident perceptions and specific local needs, the research highlights the potential of yacht ports to serve as multifunctional spaces that combine social, recreational, and utilitarian roles within a city. The findings underscore the value of involving local communities in the planning and development of such spaces, providing insights that can guide future revitalisation projects in Wrocław and similar urban contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Adamiczka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
New York as an example of the impact of megatrends on megacities – urbanization and inequalities
Aim: The purpose of this paper is to study relationships between two megatrends: accelerating urba-nization and widening socio-income inequalities in megacities, based on the example of New York in 2018-2023. Methodology: Research methods used to create this article include literature analysis, logical analysis, construction method, and case study. Results: The study identifies that inequalities in megacities arise as a result of three different urba-nization processes: migration, industrialization, and the development of urban infrastructure. Implications and recommendations: The article presents recommendations for reducing social and income inequalities in megacities and proposes solutions to other urbanization-related issues, such as environmental pollution and imperfections of crisis management procedures. Originality/value: The article makes a contribution to the discussion on the effects of urbanization in megacities, offering an interdisciplinary perspective of social inequalities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Patrycja Klasa, Katarzyna Cłapa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Revitalization of a degraded area – Przystań Cesarska in Gdańsk
Aim: The project to revitalize Przystań Cesarska (Emperor’s Harbour) in Gdańsk is aimed at identifying opportunities to transform a degraded port area into a modern, attractive place for residents and tourists. Methodology: The research included analysis of literature, reports, documents and legal acts, field research, statistical data analysis, cartographic analysis, functional analysis of the case study, bench-marking and SWOT analysis. Key steps included site selection, data collection, field research and analysis of the marina environment. Examples of revitalized marinas, such as Marina Aker Brygge in Oslo, Marina Frapa in Rogoznica and OneOcean Port Vell in Barcelona, were used to establish critical success factors (CSFs). Results: The results of the survey indicate that there is a low level of awareness of the existence of Emperor’s Harbour among residents and the poor condition of the infrastructure, which contributes to its low attractiveness. Most respondents rate the aesthetics of the marina as ‘neglected’, highlighting the need for major modernization work. Implications and recommendations: Proposals include the renovation of infrastructure, the creation of new recreational areas, the clean-up of parking spaces and the increase of food and retail services. The project aims to create a multifunctional urban space that will contribute to the sustainable development of Gdansk. Originality/value: The work is a valuable contribution to the discussion on the revitalization of port areas in historic cities, emphasizing the importance of aesthetics and functionality of public space to increase its attractiveness. The revitalization of Przystań Cesarska could become a model for other similar projects, emphasizing the importance of integrating various urban functions such as recrea-tional and leisure, tourism, cultural, social integration, and addressing the needs of both the local community and tourists.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleksandra Kardynia, Dominika Szkop https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The phenomenon of shrinking Polish cities – essence, causes and effects
Aim: Identification of factors influencing the shrinking of cities, future forecasts, the essence of the problem. Methodology: Numbers of inhabitants, birthrate and migration in selected cities with over 100 000 inhabitants in the period 2014-2023 were the subject of a descriptive analysis. Results: Based on the conducted analysis it can be concluded that the phenomenon of shrinking Polish cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants is a strongly progressive phenomenon that affects their various social, economic and business spheres. The impact of this phenomenon on the size of natural increase, migration and age structures is underlined. Implications and recommendations: The Polish cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants selected for the analysis are subject to the phenomenon of shrinkage due to many demographic, social, economic and urban factors. Each city has different individual reasons for shrinkage, however the common deno-minator for these reasons is taking effective actions to stop this negative trend. Originality/value: The phenomenon of shrinking Polish cities is an original topic due to the unique conditions in terms of the country’s economy, history and society. In addition, this phenomenon is dis-tinguished by its multi-aspect nature in various regions of Poland. In Poland, the phenomenon of urban shrinkage is becoming increasingly significant. However, this topic is still insufficiently explored and requires further research, which makes it even more original.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agata Gałka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Renewable energy transition in Europe in the last two decades
Aim: The article aims to explore the evolution of the share of renewable energy in selected European countries over the period from 2005 to 2022 by examining countries with varying levels of renewable energy penetration and highlight regional disparities in renewable energy growth. Methods: This study uses quantitative analysis of Eurostat’s energy data to examine the share of renewable energy in total final consumption across European countries in 2005, 2012, and 2022. Descriptive statistics, comparisons, and trend analysis are supported by visualizations, including maps, bar, and line charts, to illustrate changes over time. Results: The results reveal substantial progress in renewable energy adoption across Europe between 2005 and 2022, with notable variability in growth rates between countries, underscoring both the successes and the challenges faced in achieving energy transition. Implications and recommendations: The findings highlight the need for targeted policies and support mechanisms to assist countries with slower renewable energy adoption, particularly in addressing economic constraints and structural barriers that hinder progress. Originality/value: This study provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy growth across Europe from 2005 to 2022, offering unique insights into regional disparities and the factors contributing to the varying pace of renewable energy adoption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Mempel-Śnieżyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Small towns in Lower Silesia during the pandemic – selected issues
Aim: The aim of the article is to assess and illustrate the extent of variation in the functioning of small towns in Lower Silesia in socio-economic terms, including during the pandemic period, in reference to earlier studies. Methods: The article employs a descriptive method, critical analysis of the subject literature, statistical methods, and empirical inference. Findings: The analyzed indicators in small towns tend to be less favorable than in the region as a whole. This does not apply to towns located within the Wrocław Functional Area or those whose functioning is based on specific endogenous resources. Implications and recommendations: As a consequence, the development gap between small towns and the region’s growth poles continues to widen. Actions aimed at stimulating endogenous resources in these towns are necessary. Originality/value: The originality of the research lies in identifying differentiated development paths, with many small towns experiencing a development crisis despite positive regional trends. Their lack of integration with the region’s socio-economic structures became particularly evident during the pandemic.
Territorial capital – a specific feature of territory
Aim: The aim of the article is the theoretical analysis of territorial capital in the context of its essence, the elements that determine it, and the role it plays in development policy. Methodology: The research was based on the qualitative and quantitative approach. The methods applied are primarily the descriptive method and critical analysis of literature on local development, intangible resources and the theory of territoriality. Case studies of selected autonomous territories in Poland (e.g. municipalities with developed bottom-up strategies) are also conducted. Results: An increase in the importance of intangible resources (social trust, relational capital) as a key factor of development was identified. The important role of informal local coalitions in creating development policy, regardless of formal structures, was noted. Implications and recommendations: Local development policy should take into account the unique social and relational structure of a given territory. Mechanisms are needed to support local autonomy in the creation of development strategies – especially bottom-up ones. Recommended reorientation of financing tools (e.g. EU funds) from hard investments to soft and networking activities. Originality/value: The author addresses a current and insufficiently researched area: the role of intangible resources in local politics. He combines the socio-relational approach with the spatial-economic approach, indicating their complementarity. It provides specific tools for diagnosing and strengthening the development potential of local and regional areas.
Socio-economic space and the new face of globalisation
Aim: The aim is to identify and indicate the directions of transformation in the globalization process and the changing role of socio-economic space in this new phase of globalization, associated, among others, with the increasing regional character of global processes. Methodology: The article employs a broad critical analysis of the subject literature, assessment of secondary data, and expert opinions. Findings: The article indicates that in recent years, the globalization process has undergone significant transformations, resulting in an increased importance of socio-economic space in location decision-making. Implications and recommendations: The findings suggest that current development processes must increasingly take into account local and regional networks and supply chains. The remoteness of suppliers from domestic markets leads to increased uncertainty and higher business operation costs. Originality/value: The value of the article lies in linking the rising uncertainty in global markets with the need to redefine spatial security, which entails the construction of new socio-economic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stanisław Korenik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Territorial approach – the new role of space in socio-economic development
Aim: The aim of the article is to provide a theoretical analysis of the concepts of territory, space, and region in the context of the emerging paradigm of territorially oriented development. A secondary objective is to draw attention to the changing conditions under which contemporary socio-economic realities unfold within the framework of territorial economic cohesion. Methodology: The research method applied is primarily descriptive, involving both a narrative approach and an analysis of the relevant literature. Results: The results obtained have led, among other things, to conclusions emphasizing the necessity of adopting community based (coalition-oriented) approaches in order to make stronger use of creative resources. Implications and recommendations: The authors point to the urgent need to seek new methods and concepts that strengthen socio-economic spaces and enable the monitoring of economic interactions taking place within them. Originality/value: The cognitive value of the article lies primarily in drawing attention to the processes that induce the formation of specific structures of socio-economic development.
NEMO Creativity Station – social innovation for communes
Aim: The term ‘social innovation’ is increasingly used in the context of social challenges, as well as economic and spatial ones. The synergy effect between the social, economic, and technological dimensions of innovation is recognised by academic communities, as well as by entrepreneurs and local government representatives. This study aims to identify, characterise, evaluate, and prioritise the determinants of implementing the outcomes of the project “NEMO Creativity Station – A Social Innovation for Communes”. Methodology: The subject of the research is a socially innovative service dedicated to stakeholders of the local public space in Polish communes, promoting a morally and physically healthy lifestyle. The study primarily employs a descriptive method, case study analysis, and benchmarking solutions implemented in European countries. Results: The article presents the results of an analysis of the impact of the “NEMO Creativity Station” project on the social, economic, and technological development of Polish communes. It highlights that implementing this public infrastructure model can improve residents’ quality of life, promote a healthy lifestyle, and increase the attractiveness of communes for investors and inhabitants. Moreover, the research findings emphasise the importance of social innovation as a catalyst for positive change in local governments. Implications and recommendations: The analysis highlights the necessity of implementing innovative models of public space management based on cross-sector partnerships and participatory planning. In particular, the study recommends the broad involvement of stakeholders (local governments, businesses, universities, and local communities) and the utilisation of financial support instruments, including EU funds, to ensure the effective implementation of the NEMO project. Originality/value: The study can be used in the debate on the importance of social innovation in the management of local government units. The NEMO project is presented as an innovative solution integrating education, recreation, and social development, making it unique in the context of local development policy. The article highlights a research gap regarding the impact of such initiatives on the long-term development of communes, which adds value for academic communities and public decision-makers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Miszczak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Innovative model of supporting short food supply chains by a local government unit on the example of the municipalityof Kamienna Góra
Aim: The main goal of this article is to present the innovative model for supporting short food supply chains and to assess the effectiveness of actions taken by local authorities to develop the local market, using the municipality of Kamienna Góra as a case study. Methodology: The article is based on a critical analysis of relevant literature and original research, including in-depth interviews with the Deputy Mayor and the Director of the Business Incubator of the Municipality of Kamienna Góra, the analysis of the municipality’s strategic documents, and personal observations. Results: The research findings indicate that the implementation of the innovative model for supporting short food supply chains has contributed to the development of the local agricultural market. However, the continued success of this system requires ongoing support from the local government. Implications and recommendations: The research conclusions may contribute to the development of recommendations for public policies that support the growth of local food markets in a more coherent and sustainable manner at the national level. Originality/value: The exploration of this topic is justified by the increasing need to support local food markets as a tool for the sustainable development of rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Magdalena Raftowicz, Krzysztof Solarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sustainable development of Polish cities – case study of Wrocław
Aim: The aim of this paper is to assess the achievements of goal 11 of Agenda 2030 halfway through the time frame of the adopted resolution. Considerations are undertaken using, as an example, Wrocław, one of the most important Polish metropolises. Methodology: The paper uses critical analysis of the literature and strategic documents, as well as statistical analysis. Sustainable development is considered from three aspects: economic, social and environmental. A review is also conducted of actions implemented by the Wrocław authorities that have contributed to achieving the city’s sustainable development. Results: Thanks to a high level of socio-economic development it is possible to implement a range of initiatives aimed at improving the natural environment and the rational use of resources, however, despite the actions taken, achieving sustainable development remains in the sphere of long-term strategic plans. Implications and recommendations: In an era of increasing urbanization, ever more attention is focused on cities. By accumulating capital, population and cultural and art institutions within their territory, they become the driving force of socio-economic development. However, for many years this development was at the cost of the natural environment. In this context, goal 11 of the United Nations’ Agenda for sustainable development to the year 2030 is of particular importance. This goal focuses on the sustainable development of cities, their safety and social inclusion. Polish cities also face the challenge of implementing the ideas of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Krześ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
New York City’s response to COVID-19 in the context of the smart city concept
Aim: This study aims to critically assess how New York City’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic aligns with the principles of the smart city concept. Expanding upon an earlier study focused on the initial, ad hoc urban responses, this research examines the entire duration of the pandemic, highlighting strategic shifts and long-term adaptations in crisis management and urban resilience. Methodology: The study employs a case study approach, analysing policy documents, statistical data, and secondary sources to assess New York City’s transition from immediate crisis response to structured recovery efforts. A qualitative assessment of governance strategies, social equity measures, and sustainability policies forms the basis of the evaluation. Results: The study reveals that while New York City made strides in job recovery and economic revitalization, its response to the COVID-19 pandemic exposed persistent disparities in digital access, environmental justice, and social equity. The city implemented smart city-aligned initiatives, such as digital transformation efforts and sustainability programs, but challenges in governance, public trust, and equitable resource distribution hindered comprehensive resilience. The uneven recovery process highlighted gaps in long-term crisis management, emphasizing the need for a more inclusive and adaptive approach to urban resilience. Implications and recommendations: The study underscores the necessity for a more integrated and inclusive approach to urban crisis management. It highlights the importance of addressing systemic inequalities and ensuring equitable access to technology and resources to fully realize the smart city vision. Originality/value: This research contributes to the discourse on smart city resilience by offering a longitudinal perspective on New York City’s pandemic response. It provides valuable insights into the complexities of urban governance in times of crisis and the role of smart city strategies in fostering sustainable recovery.